The 21^st Century Digital Age presents environmental sciences students and leaders of today and tomorrow with a complex set of professional challenges: market volatility, economic and employment uncertainty, inequality, accelerated technology, a diverse Millennial/GenZ workforce, and existential threats from pandemics and climate change to mass migrations and famine. The predominant leadership paradigm, however, is still 20th Century Industrial Age hierarchy, the Power Paradigm, which is a compliance-oriented approach based on power and control. This approach is the assumed approach to leadership for many graduate schools, and is the predominant way most organizations are still led, even though our 21^st Century realities require a new paradigm.

The new paradigm is Collaboration, leadership’s 4^th Evolution, which is a principle-based approach to building trust, ownership, and psychological safety that empowers current and future leaders in business administration to transform leadership cultures so that they can meet critical 21^st Century challenges. As a practical methodology, it provides award-winning and proven tools and processes for individual leaders, collaborative teams, and organizations that will empower them to create workplaces where people can be their best selves and do their best work so they can produce superior results. 

Leadership’s 4^th Evolution: Collaboration for the 21^st Century is grounded in the preeminent work of giants in the leadership field: Douglas McGregor’s Human Side of Enterprise (1960), Edgar Schein’s Organizational Leadership and Culture (1985), Stephen Covey’s Principle-Centered Leadership (1990) and James Kouzes and Barry Posner’s Leadership Challenge (2007, 2017), among others.

The 2nd Evolution was McGregor’s People Paradigm, which helped us understand that people are not cogs in a machine, are social beings, and want to be appreciated and respected. The 3^rd Evolution was Stephen Covey’s Principle Paradigm, which helped us shift from leadership based solely on power to leadership based on immutable principles.

By the early 21^st Century, the 4^th Evolution, Collaboration, came to fruition after 30 years of work with over a thousand managers in more than 100 projects that addressed critical business challenges, from the strategic alliance between Marriott International and Host Marriott, to IT transformations at Microsoft and VMware, to DuPont’s Information Systems organizational transformation in the Gulf Coast of Texas. In each case, collaborative teams of business leaders learned how to build high levels of trust, which accelerated their ability to achieve breakthrough results. We learned that collaboration is how people naturally want to work, that “We” is more important than “I,” collective action is more effective than rugged individualism, and almost any problem can be solved if we work collaboratively with each other. 

Work gets done through people. It is leadership’s responsibility to engage, motivate, empower, and inspire them so that they can be their best selves and do their best work. Leadership’s 4^th Evolution: Collaboration for the 21^st Century equips students and leaders with a principle-based methodology that achieves that goal. Collaborative leadership recognizes people want to be trusted, respected, engaged, and appreciated. Based on four decades of applied research and consulting work with Fortune 500 leaders and companies on five continents, this book provides a comprehensive theory of collaboration, as well as proven collaborative processes and tools that empower leaders, teams, and organizations to create collaborative leadership cultures.

Value for Students of Environmental Sciences

Leadership’s 4^th Evolution provides graduate students in environmental sciences, as well as leaders of environmental science organizations, a new theory of collaboration and a comprehensive handbook of award-winning collaborative leadership practices at the individual, team, and organizational levels that will help them prepare for the challenges and opportunities they will face in  21^st Century workplace. As the world grapples with the realities of COVID-19 and climate change, the leaders of today and tomorrow will find that how we work with others, how we lead, and where we work are being redefined. The processes involved in securing a job, continuing one’s education, and working with colleagues toward a common goal are increasingly dependent upon collaboration. 

In order for environmental science students and leaders to meet these unique challenges, they will find that Leadership’s 4^th Evolution allows them to: 1) ground their professional journeys in their core values, mission, vision, and ethics; 2) build trusting team-based relationships and refine their people skills; 3) navigate the challenges of rapid organizational change with resilience and agility; and 4) harness their intellect and energy to solve global issues.

Chapter Overviews

In Chapter 1, students learn about the two leadership paradigms that were preeminent during the 20^th Century—the Power Paradigm and People Paradigm. These paradigms paved the way for the 4th Evolution, Collaboration. Readers are introduced to a systems model that will help them understand the interactive elements of how an organization works. They learn that leadership paradigms are responsive to their time in history, that anomalies arise, and that these paradigms must shift. They learn that the assumptions, values, and beliefs of the Industrial Age’s Power Paradigm undervalued the humanity and needs of the workforce. This led to the emergence of the 2^nd Evolution of leadership, the People Paradigm, which recognized that people were social beings who needed to be respected and honored for their contributions. The stage is set for the 3^rd Evolution of leadership.

Chapter 2 helps students understand the critical role that culture plays in defining how people work with each other. Schein’s cultural DNA helps students understand that culture drives behavior in organizations, and that there are three types of leadership cultures present in most organizations and how people work with each other. Based on this understanding of culture, students are then introduced to Stephen Covey’s 3^rd Evolution of leadership, the Principle Paradigm, and the cultural foundations of the 4^th Evolution, the Collaboration Paradigm.

In Chapter 3, students learn about the six key thought leaders who helped shape the foundations of the Collaboration Paradigm, from McGregor to Senge. They then explore the components of the Collaboration Systems model to better understand what collaborative organization looks like: leadership, business processes, people processes, and organization design. In this light, the Collaboration Paradigm is defined, addressing some misconceptions about this commonly used term. With all four evolutions described, students are then challenged to consider what it takes to become a collaborative leader.

Chapters 4 and 5 speak first to what Collaborative Leadership is, including its beliefs and principles, attributes and behaviors, and the 10 key roles that collaborative leaders play in an organization. Given this comprehensive understanding of collaborative leadership, students are then asked to consider going on their own journey to become this kind of leader. They come to understand who may and may not want to become a collaborative leader, and if they choose to do so, what is involved in the process. A 10-step journey is outlined in detail, and students have an opportunity to explore who they are as future leaders through this process.

Having made the decision to go on a collaborative leadership journey, Chapter 6 helps students understand the types of skills they will need to be effective in their new role. There are 17 key skills that are tied to the 7 Principles of the Collaborative Work Ethic, and in implementing these skills, students can create a collaborative leadership culture. Whether it is in facilitating meetings or collaborative team development, giving and receiving feedback, or holding people accountable, practicing these skills helps create an empowering work culture where the workforce is psychologically safe, and work is a place of trust, where individuals and teams do high-quality work.

Since organizations get their work done through teams, and teams are the drivers for change, in Chapter 7, students learn about how we arrived at the 4^th Evolution of teams, Collaborative Teams. They learn about the critical importance of psychological safety as a precondition for their creation. To do their best work, people need to feel physically, emotionally, and psychologically safe. Creating collaborative teams provides that safety, whether it is at the leadership, departmental, or project level. Because teams do their work through meetings, students also learn how to design and facilitate a collaborative meeting. Finally, the idea of Culture-First is introduced to students in terms of front-loading the development of their teams by using the seven-step Collaborative Team Governance Process. Of particular import is the discussion around obtaining 100% true consensus in decision-making.

Every organization today is going through constant and disruptive change. Chapter 8 focuses on the three 20^th Century ways in which leaders have implemented organizational change, and which have resulted in a more than 70% failure rate. Structure-first, process-based, and digitally-driven approaches to top-down change are reviewed and analyzed in terms of the impacts they have on people. Organizational change is an intensely human undertaking, and these change processes typically do not take that into consideration. Hence, the high failure rate. The human impacts of traditional organizational change are considered, leading to a Workers’ Bill of Rights for Organizational Change.

In Chapter 9, students learn there is another way to implement organizational change, the 4^th Evolution, known as the Collaborative Method.The leadership infrastructure of collaborative change is described, followed by a five-phase approach to implementing the Collaborative Method. Central to the success of this approach is the ownership of the change process by those most directly affected—the workforce. By putting culture first, giving the workforce ownership, and leveraging the collaborative team infrastructure, the leadership culture of an organization is transformed into one that is collaborative. You can’t create a collaborative leadership culture unless the change process itself is collaborative.

With Chapter 10, students are approaching the end of their journey and are challenged to see how their collaborative leadership abilities and skills can be applied to the solution of major global issues. Climate change, perhaps the most serious existential threat the world has ever faced, is considered in detail. The size, scope, scale, and impacts of climate change are described, followed by the challenge to global leadership to address it. While global leaders to date have failed to curb the increase in carbon-fueled global warming, tomorrow’s global leaders are challenged to commit to a Collaborative Leader’s Creed, which applies the principles of collaborative leadership to the solution of our most vexing problem.

Presenting a uniquely humanistic and scholarly approach to collaboration, Leadership’s 4^th Evolution helps environmental sciences students develop the critical people and leadership skills they need to become effective leaders and team members who can inspire transformational change within the workplace and the world.

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